First, let's define fitness. I don't define muscle mass, body composition or how good you look as being fit, although these things play a part, and have varying roles between producing fitness and being outcomes of fitness.
To be fit, in essence, is to be able to do a task. Fitness is the ability to perform. Physical fitness is then broken down primarily into the following categories:
- Strength/force production
- Speed
- Endurance
- Range of motion
- Skill
- Health
"Junk food" can be great for fuelling training, and so it can actually contribute to being fitter on the strength, speed and endurance side of things. "Junk food" has no direct contribution to your range of motion or skill, although body composition will affect your overall structure, which will influence range of motion and will require adjustments to skill. So for a 50kg person to bend over and touch their toes is mechanically different than the same person at 150kg trying to do the same task. Different amounts of fat and muscle on the skeleton will provide different obstacles between your fingers and your toes.
Health is the big issue. Now, salty deep-fried chips, and a beef patty, lettuce, tomato, pickles, onion cheese and sauce between two chunks of bread, are not inherently bad for you. What the chips are deep-fried in may be an issue. What additional things are in the bread, sauce and patty may be issues. What's in the coke that you have on the side may be an issue. If your activity levels are low, the calorie density of the meal may be an issue. If your blood pressure is salt-sensitive, that may be an issue. If you're not getting enough unprocessed meat and vegetables outside of your fast food lunch, that may be an issue.
So-called junk food isn't necessarily a problem in and of itself, but your overall dietary habits could be. If the most vegetables you get in a day are whatever's found on your burger plus some chips, there's a good chance that your health is up s#it creek, which will mess with all other aspects of fitness. If you fit fast food into an overall balanced diet that meets your nutritional needs, then it's probably not such a big deal.