Anxiety with Creatine?

Hello everyone. I lifted pretty consistently for the first time in my life for about 6 months this year, the quit around August. About a month ago I started getting back into it, but now that I'm working full time I've noticed that it's pretty hard to get a really good energetic workout in the evenings.

I think I'm going to start taking more vitamins, particularly the B vitamins to help increase energy. I did notice however that my muscles seem to give out very quickly nowadays. It's like after I do 1 or 2 sets, my muscles are maxed out.

So this brings me to creatine. I've taken it in the past, but noticed that it makes me feel tense. I took it again today for the first time in several months, and right away it made me feel a little tense and made my mood feel a little bit unstable.

Has anyone else experienced these symptoms with creatine? Are there any other supplements that I can take that will help me build mass? Also, what can I do to help increase my energy levels when I go to lift?
 
I've never even heard of anyone having those problems from creatine. No one I know and no study I've read have ever mentioned that. I'm guessing it's more psychological than an actual physiological result of the creatine.

If you want more energy before your workouts you could take in about 10-20 grams of dextrose before hand. Or you could take a product with synephrine or yohimbe in it. But those last two have potential health risks so be aware of that.
 
I think....

Well I think I read before that it can cause muscle cramps and discomfort. I think that's mostly just from the creatine soaking into the muscles.

But some of the anxiety could be psychological. The main reason I suspect this is because I feel the negative side effects right after taking the creatine; it's not really possible for my body to absorb the creatine in the 10 seconds that it takes for the side effects to come on.

I think it's my brain's way of deterring me from taking unnecessary supplements. I'm still going to take 2.5 grams a day for a little while and see what happens. Hell, I wouldn't doubt if most of the effects from creatine that I notice when I'm lifting are just a placebo too.
 
Since creatine increases the amount of water muscles store, I can see how your muscles would feel tense after going back on creatine, IF you weren't drinking enough water.

However, it takes a solid week of 5g creatine doses to really start increasing creatine levels in muscles to a noticable extent.

Therefore I'm leaning towards a psychological reaction to creatine rather than physiological.
 
Either way....

Either way, taking creatine is not something I'd like to do. So today, I stopped creatine and took a trip to GNC after reading some stuff on the Internet. I found some glutamine on sale for $9 (100 servings) made by Prolab. I also picked up some generic L-Arginine, which I'm assuming will have similar effects to the Arginine found in the Nirtic Oxide suppliments. Lastly I picked up a small bottle of DHEA to help boost the test levels a little bit.
 
Hello everyone. I lifted pretty consistently for the first time in my life for about 6 months this year, the quit around August. About a month ago I started getting back into it, but now that I'm working full time I've noticed that it's pretty hard to get a really good energetic workout in the evenings.

I think I'm going to start taking more vitamins, particularly the B vitamins to help increase energy. I did notice however that my muscles seem to give out very quickly nowadays. It's like after I do 1 or 2 sets, my muscles are maxed out.

So this brings me to creatine. I've taken it in the past, but noticed that it makes me feel tense. I took it again today for the first time in several months, and right away it made me feel a little tense and made my mood feel a little bit unstable.

Has anyone else experienced these symptoms with creatine? Are there any other supplements that I can take that will help me build mass? Also, what can I do to help increase my energy levels when I go to lift?

Hi mate,

I have found very positive psychological uses from Creatine for me personally.

You see, relating to back to you saying you feel tense off it, etc. I suffer from extreme panic attacks and anxiety at times, and too noticed that after taking Creatine it really made me feel tense and very shaky, at least in the first week.

Anyway, this soon changed, back in 2008 in May I decided to start going to the gym, stop being skinny and to build some muscle. I achieved this dramatically within about 6 months, from 9 stone to 11 stone, all pretty much muscle.

I used Creatine throughout the whole period. Now, going back to you and saying it made you shaky, what I am trying to say is, my body reacted the same way, and obviously with me having panic attacks, etc, it didn't help, or so I thought that right at the beginning.

Until I noticed after about 2 months, my panic attacks had gone (and I suffered from it severely, not even going out of the house) and my depression had lifted. Many will say that this is due to training alone, but I also know in my own mind, that Creatine eventually started to give me a positive feeling, and more energy not only in a physical sense but too in a mental sense.

I think the tense and unstable initial feeling of Creatine is due to an overwhelming feeling of energy, that at first feels strange and not very natural. It takes a few weeks for your body to adapt properly, and you start noticing your body feeling balanced, your energy deposits are even, you feel good throughout most days.

I had a panic attack after the first time I took Creatine and also felt how you mentioned, but subconsciously I think I was slightly paranoid about taking something new, which may have also been the case for you. You can generate pretty extreme physical symptoms with your own mind, due to worrying about something, even if directly you were not that bothered about taking it.

I haven't been taking Creatine for a couple of months now, and guess what, I feel drained, down, anxious and also panicky again. I've lost the will to go to the gym, dramatically lost muscle and feel awful about it.

I'm starting back on Creatine on Monday along with a good diet and regular training again, and I know it will help bring me back, so to speak.

I will admit one negative about Creatine though. It is a very new supplement in a scientific research sense, so there could well be things it can do that could be negative. I feel as though it can be slightly addictive, maybe not as directly and as physically as alcohol, but more in a psychological manner.

I also feel that an individuals body can become dependant on it, as by listening to my experience, it's very apparent that it helped me, but now I've realised that in order to continue feeling energetic and to feel positive and alive properly, I am most likely going to have to take Creatine on a regular basis as well as to train again.

I think no matter what anyone says, if you are providing your body with an extra source of energy over a period of time, then when you stop providing your body with it, you are going to feel the withdrawal symptoms.

So in one sense, be careful with it as even though I don't personally think it's dangerous, I think you may feel you start to need it. Now, if Creatine is as safe as they make out, then there's nothing to worry about, as you could then take it often throughout your life, becoming as normal as say having your dinner. I just think to myself, let's hope in a few years they don't suddenly discover that Creatine is harmful and the results only become apparent say after 10 years or even 20 years.

I will take Creatine, and I will take it for the fact that it helped me greatly in battling the hardest thing in my life, panic attacks and depression. I would never ever turn to steroids, and to me Creatine is really the only other option if you want pretty fast results.

On this last note I will say this, If Creatine can generate growth as dramatically as it does in certain individuals, then surely there has to be a possibility that it has something negative about it, as it's quite obviously a powerful substance, regardless of the fact that it's a natural occurrence in the body anyway. As Testosterone occurs naturally, but yet can be fatal if one goes to extremes using it, etc.

I like Creatine, on and off I'd say use Creatine for 6 months and train well, then give it a break. When you start feeling a bit tired and weak again, use Creatine again.

Thanks for your post, I hope my experience helps dude :)
 
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Either way, taking creatine is not something I'd like to do. So today, I stopped creatine and took a trip to GNC after reading some stuff on the Internet. I found some glutamine on sale for $9 (100 servings) made by Prolab. I also picked up some generic L-Arginine, which I'm assuming will have similar effects to the Arginine found in the Nirtic Oxide suppliments. Lastly I picked up a small bottle of DHEA to help boost the test levels a little bit.

Glutamine is good if you're a burn victim but not much else. Arginine is okay if you combine it with L-citrulline but for having a positive impact on lifting=not much by itself and really won't have benefits worth the money.

And DHEA...there are so many conflicting studies. Some have shown that even at 1600 mgs not much change was seen.
 
Title: Effects of Long-term Creatine Supplementation on Liver and Kidney Functions in American College Football Players.

Researchers: Mayhew DL, Mayhew JL, Ware JS

Institution: Exercise Science Program at Truman State University, Kirksville, MO 63501 and the Athletic Department at Truman State University, Kirksville, MO.

Summary: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of long-term Cr supplementation on blood parameters reflecting liver and kidney function.

Methods: Twenty-three members of an NCAA Division II American football team (ages = 19-24 years) with at least 2 years of strength training experience were divided into a Cr monohydrate group (CrM, n = 10) in which they voluntarily and spontaneously ingested creatine, and a control group (n = 13) in which they took no supplements. Individuals in the CrM group averaged regular daily consumption of 5 to 20g for 0.25 to 5.6 years. Venous blood analysis for serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, urea, and creatinine produced no significant differences between groups.

Results: Creatinine clearance was estimated from serum creatinine and was not significantly different between groups. Within the CrM group, correlations between all blood parameters and either daily dosage or duration of supplementation were nonsignificant.

Conclusion: Oral supplementation with CrM has no long-term detrimental effects on kidney or liver functions in highly trained college athletes in the absence of other nutritional supplements.

Discussion: Questions about creatine's safety are probably the most frequently brought up by people who don't like (and usually don't understand) supplements. This study by Mayhew and colleagues is a welcome addition to the already growing body of creatine safety research. (1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

Most questions revolve around the effects of creatine supplementation on the liver and kidney. These are the two organs are involved in "processing" creatine once it is ingested. The Liver breaks it down and the kidneys excrete it. From this study, and others before it, we see that long term supplementation with creatine in doses usually taken by bodybuilders (5-20 grams) for extended periods of time do not lead to dysfunction of either organ, nor does it cause abnormalities in the indicators of liver and kidney function.

Considering that fact that creatine supplementation has been shown to enhance anaerobic exercise performance by increasing power output (8), muscular strength and work (9,10,11), and muscle fiber size (12), and to top it off, completely safe even with long term supplementation, its no wonder this is one of my first tier recommendation for effective and safe supplements for putting on muscle size.



Additional References:


1: Poortmans JR, Auquier H, Renaut V, Durussel A, Saugy M, Brisson GR. Effect of short-term creatine supplementation on renal responses in men. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1997;76(6):566-7.

2: Poortmans JR, Francaux M. Long-term oral creatine supplementation does not impair renal function in healthy athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999 Aug;31(8):1108-10.

3: Terjung RL, Clarkson P, Eichner ER, Greenhaff PL, Hespel PJ, Israel RG, Kraemer WJ, Meyer RA, Spriet LL, Tarnopolsky MA, Wagenmakers AJ, Williams MH. American College of Sports Medicine roundtable. The physiological and health effects of oral creatine supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000 Mar;32(3):706-17.

4: Robinson TM, Sewell DA, Casey A, Steenge G, Greenhaff PL. Dietary creatine supplementation does not affect some haematological indices, or indices of muscle damage and hepatic and renal function. Br J Sports Med. 2000 Aug;34(4):284-8.

5: Poortmans JR, Francaux M. Adverse effects of creatine supplementation: fact or fiction? Sports Med. 2000 Sep;30(3):155-70.

6: Schilling BK, Stone MH, Utter A, Kearney JT, Johnson M, Coglianese R, Smith L, O'Bryant HS, Fry AC, Starks M, Keith R, Stone ME. Creatine supplementation and health variables: a retrospective study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Feb;33(2):183-8.

7: Benzi G, Ceci A. Creatine as nutritional supplementation and medicinal product. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2001 Mar;41(1):1-10.

8: Earnest CP, Snell PG, Rodriguez R, Almada AL and Mitchell TL (1995) The effect of creatine monohydrate ingestion on anaerobic power indices, muscular strength and body composition. Acta Physiol Scand 153: 207-209

9: Casey A, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Howell S, Hultman E and Greenhaff PL (1996) Creatine ingestion favorably affects performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise in humans. Am J Physiol 271: E31-E37

10: Vandenberghe K, Goris M, Van Hecke P, Van Leemputte M, Vangerven L and Hespel P (1997) Long-term creatine intake is beneficial to muscle performance during resistance training. J Appl Physiol 83: 2055-2063

11: Volek JS, Duncan ND, Mazzetti SA, Staron RS, Putukian M, Gomez AL, Pearson DR, Fink WJ and Kraemer WJ (1999) Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31: 1147-1156

12: Volek JS, Duncan ND, Mazzetti SA, Staron RS, Putukian M, Gomez AL, Pearson DR, Fink WJ and Kraemer WJ (1999) Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31: 1147-1156
 
Title: Dietary creatine monohydrate supplementation increases satellite cell mitotic activity during compensatory hypertrophy.

Researchers: Dangott B, Schultz E, Mozdziak PE.

Institution: Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin-Medical School, Madison, USA.

Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine 2000 Jan;21(1):13-6.

Summary: Nutritional status influences muscle growth and athletic performance, but little is known about the effect of nutritional supplements, such as creatine, on satellite cell mitotic activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of oral creatine supplementation on muscle growth, compensatory hypertrophy, and satellite cell mitotic activity.

Methods: Compensatory hypertrophy was induced in the rat plantaris muscle by removing the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. Immediately following surgery, a group of six rats was provided with elevated levels of creatine monohydrate in their diet. Another group of six rats was maintained as a non-supplemented control group. Twelve days following surgery, all rats were implanted with mini-osmotic pumps containing the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label mitotically active satellite cells. Four weeks after the initial surgery the rats were killed, plantaris muscles were removed and weighed. Subsequently, BrdU-labeled and non-BrdU-labeled nuclei were identified on enzymatically isolated myofiber segments.

Results: Muscle mass and myofiber diameters were larger in the muscles that underwent compensatory hypertrophy compared to the control muscles, but there were no differences between muscles from creatine-supplemented and non-creatine-supplemented rats. Similarly, compensatory hypertrophy resulted in an increased number of BrdU-labeled myofiber nuclei, but creatine supplementation in combination with compensatory hypertrophy resulted in a higher number of BrdU-labeled myofiber nuclei compared to compensatory hypertrophy without creatine supplementation.

Conclusion: Creatine supplementation in combination with an increased functional load results in increased satellite cell mitotic activity compared to increased functional load alone.

Discussion: People seem to want to pigeonhole creatine into some sort of hit-or-miss water-retention supplement. Creatine is so much more than that. Creatine is truly one of the greatest supplements there is for building muscle and strength. Study after study attest to this fact. This is only one of many studies exploring the exciting anabolic properties of creatine monohydrate which we will consider in upcoming issues.

In short, creatine is a naturally occurring compound made within our own bodies. It is also found in many foods we eat, especially meat. Creatine monohydrate has been used as a dietary supplement for at least a decade now, though it was first discovered nearly 170 years ago.

Now in the study we're considering today, the examined the effect of dietary creatine monohydrate on satellite cell activity and subsequent muscle hypertrophy. I won't lie to you and tell you that I have no interest in educating Hypertrophy-Specific readers about creatine. On the contrary, I believe so highly in the effectiveness of creatine that I introduced it into the HSN line of products. Not because people demanded it, but instead because I believe in it. And taking a look at the available research on creatine will make you a believer too. The writing is on the wall with this one folks.

This study looked at the activity of satellite cells. Satellite cells are myogenic stem cells that make hypertrophy of adult skeletal muscle possible. These stem cells are simply generic or non-specific cells that have the ability to transform themselves into new muscle cells when they are instructed to.

Following proliferation (reproduction) and subsequent differentiation (to become a specific type of cell), these satellite cells will fuse with one another or with the adjacent damaged muscle fiber, thereby increasing myonuclei numbers necessary for fiber growth and repair.

In order to better understand what is physically happening between satellite cells and muscle cells, try to picture 2 oil droplets floating on water. The two droplets represent a muscle cell and a satellite cell. Because the lipid bilayer of cells are hydrophobic just like common oil droplets, when brought into proximity to one another in an aqueous environment, they will come into contact for a moment and then fuse together to form one larger oil droplet. Now whatever (i.e. nuclei) was within one droplet will then mix with the contents of the other droplet. This is a simplified model of how satellite cells donate nuclei to existing muscle cells.

The reason this finding about creatine is so exciting is that the process of satellite cells adding nuclei to regenerating muscle cells appears to be critical for hypertrophy. There appears to be a finite limit placed on the cytoplasmic/nuclear ratio (Rosenblatt,1994). This is the ratio of the volume of the muscle cell to the number of nuclei. Whenever a muscle grows in response to functional overload there is a positive correlation between the increase in the number of myonuclei and the increase in fiber cross sectional area (CSA). When satellite cells are prohibited from donating their nuclei, overloaded muscle simply will not grow (Rosenblatt,1992; Phelan,1997).

This study was able to show that creatine supplementation increased the number of myonuclei donated from satellite cells. This increases the potential for growth of those fibers due to the aforementioned cytoplasmic/nuclear ratio. This isncrease in myonuclei probably stems from creatine's ability to increase levels of the myogenic transcription factor MRF4 (Hespel, 2001).

So when it comes to answering the question, "what works and what doesn't" stick to those supplements that have real research behind them. Creatine, proteins, and essential fatty acids top the list of highly researched, highly effective supplements.



References:

1) Phelan JN, Gonyea WJ. Effect of radiation on satellite cell activity and protein expression in overloaded mammalian skeletal muscle. Anat. Rec. 247:179-188, 1997

2)Rosenblatt JD, Parry DJ., Gamma irradiation prevents compensatory hypertrophy of overloaded extensor digitorum longus muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 73:2538-2543, 1992

3)Rosenblatt JD, Yong D, Parry DJ., Satellite cell activity is required for hypertrophy of overloaded adult rat muscle. Muscle Nerve 17:608-613, 1994

4)Hespel P, Op't Eijnde B, Van Leemputte M, Urso B, Greenhaff PL, Labarque V, Dymarkowski S, Van Hecke P, Richter EA. Oral creatine supplementation facilitates the rehabilitation of disuse atrophy and alters the expression of muscle myogenic factors in humans. J Physiol. 2001 Oct 15;536(Pt 2):625-33
 
Title: Acute and moderate-term creatine monohydrate supplementation does not affect creatine transporter mRNA or protein content in either young or elderly humans.

Researchers: Tarnopolsky M, Parise G, Fu MH, Brose A, Parshad A, Speer O, Wallimann T.

Institution: Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rehabilitation), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2003 Feb;244(1-2):159-66.

Summary: Animal studies have shown that supra-physiological creatine monohydrate supplementation for 3 months reduced skeletal muscle creatine transporter (CRT) content. The doses of Creatine (1-2 g/kg/day) used in these studies were between 5 and 10 times those usually used in human studies, and it is unclear whether a down-regulation of CRT would occur in humans at the recommended doses of 0.1-0.2 g/kg/day.

Methods: CRT, and citrate synthase (CS) protein content were measured using Western blotting before and after 2 months of Creatine supplementation and weight training in young men using 0.125 g/kg/day. CRT and CS were also measured before and after 4 months of Creatine supplementation and weight training in elderly (> 65 years) men and women using 0.075 g/kg/day. Finally, CRT mRNA was measured using competitive RT-PCR before and after 8-9 days of Creatine loading in young men and women using 0.18 g/kg/day.

Results: Total creatine content was significantly elevated after the Creatine supplementation period as compared to placebo in each of the studies. Neither Creatine supplementation, nor exercise training resulted in measurable alterations in CRT protein content and acute Creatine loading did not alter CRT mRNA. There were no gender differences in CRT mRNA or total creatine content in the young subjects and no gender differences in total creatine content or CRT protein content in the elderly subjects. Weight training in young men did not increase CS protein content, however, in the elderly there was a significant increase in CS protein content after exercise training.

Conclusion: These results demonstrated that Creatine monohydrate supplementation during weight training resulted in increases in skeletal muscle total creatine without reductions in Creatine Transporter protein and acute Creatine loading did not decrease Creatine Transporter mRNA content.

Discussion: Nearly five years ago I reported on research showing that creatine transporters can down-regulate in response to creatine supplementation. (1) In this previous study animals were given very high levels of creatine monohydrate in the diet, much higher than we might use to supplement with. After 3-6 months of this high creatine intake, creatine transporter proteins were significantly decreased in muscle tissue. Since then a number of other studies have followed to augment our understanding of the creatine transporter (2,3,4,5).

Now, as the study we are presently discussing mentions, these and other similar studies used between 5 and 10 times the amount used in human studies. But none of these studies has provided clear evidence as to the down regulation of creatine transporters after creatine supplementation in humans. So in order to clarify the impact of normal creatine supplementation on creatine transporters in humans, this study was warranted.

In the present study, they used three different creatine regimens, young men using 0.125 g/kg/day and weight training for 2 months; elderly (> 65 years) men and women using 0.075 g/kg/day and weight training for 4 months; and finally, young men and women using 0.18 g/kg/day loading for 8-9 days. Each of these three regimens resulted in increased muscle creatine levels. However, none of them resulted in a decrease in creatine transporter proteins, even after 4 months of daily supplementation.

This is good news for those of us who have enjoyed the benefits of using creatine, but were concerned with the question about cycling it. From the results of this most recent study, there would be no reason to cycle creatine for up to 2-4 months.



References:

1: Guerrero-Ontiveros ML, Wallimann T. Creatine supplementation in health and disease. Effects of chronic creatine ingestion in vivo: down-regulation of the expression of creatine transporter isoforms in skeletal muscle. Mol Cell Biochem 1998 Jul;184(1?2):427-37.

2: Brault JJ, Abraham KA, Terjung RL. Muscle creatine uptake and creatine transporter expression in response to creatine supplementation and depletion. J Appl Physiol. 2003 Feb 28.

3: Brault JJ, Terjung RL. Creatine uptake and creatine transporter expression among rat skeletal muscle fiber types. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2003 Feb 5.

4: Murphy R, McConell G, Cameron-Smith D, Watt K, Ackland L, Walzel B, Wallimann T, Snow R. Creatine transporter protein content, localization, and gene expression in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001 Mar;280(3):C415-22.

5: Walzel B, Speer O, Boehm E, Kristiansen S, Chan S, Clarke K, Magyar JP, Richter EA, Wallimann T. New creatine transporter assay and identification of distinct creatine transporter isoforms in muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Aug;283(2):E390-401.
 
Title: Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training.

Researchers: Volek JS, Duncan ND, Mazzetti SA, Staron RS, Putukian M, Gomez AL, Pearson DR, Fink WJ, Kraemer WJ.

Institution: Department of Kinesiology/Center for Sports Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA. Source: Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999 Aug;31(8):1147-56 Related Articles, Books, LinkOut

Summary: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of creatine supplementation in conjunction with resistance training on muscle fiber hypertrophy and muscle creatine accumulation.

Methods: Nineteen healthy resistance-trained men were matched and then randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to either a creatine or placebo group. Periodized heavy resistance training was performed for 12 wk. Creatine or placebo capsules were consumed (25 g x d(-1)) for 1 wk followed by a maintenance dose (5 g x d(-1)) for the remainder of the training period.

Results: After 12 wk, significant increases in body mass and fat-free mass were greater in creatine (6.3% and 6.3%, respectively) than placebo (3.6% and 3.1%, respectively) subjects. After 12 wk, increases in bench press and squat were greater in creatine (24% and 32%, respectively) than placebo (16% and 24%, respectively) subjects. Compared with placebo subjects, creatine subjects demonstrated significantly greater increases in Type I (35% vs 11%), IIA (36% vs 15%), and IIAB (35% vs 6%) muscle fiber cross-sectional areas. Muscle total creatine concentrations were unchanged in placebo subjects. Muscle creatine was significantly elevated after 1 wk in creatine subjects (22%), and values remained significantly greater than placebo subjects after 12 wk. Average volume lifted in the bench press during training was significantly greater in creatine subjects during weeks 5-8. No negative side effects to the supplementation were reported.

Conclusion: Creatine supplementation enhanced fat-free mass, physical performance, and muscle morphology in response to heavy resistance training.

Discussion: Creatine is a naturally occurring compound made within our own bodies. It is also found in many foods we eat, especially meat. Creatine monohydrate has been used as a dietary supplement for at least a decade now, though it was first discovered nearly 170 years ago.

People seem to want to pigeonhole creatine into some sort of hit-or-miss water-retention supplement. Creatine is so much more than that. Creatine is truly one of the greatest supplements there is for building muscle and strength.

There was significant weight gain in this study. The creatine group "loaded" creatine the first 7 days. This was followed by 5 grams per day thereafter. One would expect a significantly greater weight gain the first week over placebo simply because of the well known effect of creatine loading on acute intracellular water retention (cell volumizing). But if this was the only way creatine lead to weight gain, this accelerated weight gain should have tapered off by the end of the first week, then stayed parallel to the placebo group through week 12. Instead, the acceleration of weight gain continued throughout the entire study period reaching nearly 10 pounds of lean mass by week 12! The placebo group gained only 4—in the same period. The creatine group literally doubled their muscle growth by using creatine. This means that creatine continued to effect lean mass gains long after its initial effect on water levels. This increase in body weight was then demonstrated to be true hypertrophy of muscle fibers.

In this study they were able to show, that in trained subjects, creatine supplementation increased muscle mass by nearly twice as much as placebo. Type I muscle fibers increased 35% with creatine but only 11% without it. Likewise, type IIA increased 36% compared to 15%. And finally, Type IIAB fibers increased 35% with creatine supplementation compared to only 6% without it. So on average, creatine supplementation produced 3 times the percentage of muscle fiber growth as placebo. You'd have to be a fool to ignore that!

There's no time to go into the many of other beneficial effects of creatine monohydrate. Suffice it to say, we will be taking a closer look at a lot of research on creatine in the issues to come. Stay tuned!
 
Title: Creatine Supplementation and Its Effect on Musculotendinous Stiffness and Performance.

Researchers: MARK L. WATSFORD, ARON J. MURPHY, and WARWICK L. SPINKS, ANDREW D. WALSHE*

Institution: Human Movement Department, School of Leisure, Sport, and Tourism, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia 2070

Reference: The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: (2003) Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 26Ð33.

Summary: Anecdotal reports suggesting that creatine (Cr) supplementation may cause side effects, such as an increased incidence of muscle strains or tears, require scientific examination. In this study, it was hypothesized that the rapid fluid retention and lean tissue accretion evident after Cr supplementation may cause an increase in musculotendinous stiffness.

Methods: Twenty men were randomly allocated to a control or an experimental group and were examined for musculotendinous stiffness of the triceps surae and for numerous performance indices before and after Cr ingestion.

Results: The Cr group achieved a significant increase in body mass (79.7 ± 10.8 kg vs. 80.9 ± 10.7 kg), counter movement jump height (40.2 ± 4.8 cm vs. 42.7 ± 5.9 cm), and 20-cm drop jump height (32.3 ± 3.3 cm vs. 35.1 ± 4.8 cm) after supplementation. No increase was found for musculotendinous stiffness at any assessment load. There were no significant changes in any variables within the control group.

Conclusion: These findings have both performance- and injury-related implications. Primarily, anecdotal evidence suggesting that Cr supplementation causes muscular strain injuries is not supported by this study. In addition, the increase in jump performance is indicative of performance enhancement in activities requiring maximal power output.

Discussion: Probably the most common misconception I hear from coaches, parents, and even uninformed athletes, is that creatine causes injuries. Before gently debunking their concerns I ask why they think creatine would cause injuries. Nine out of ten times the answer is dehydration. Dehydration? What?! Ok, ok, rather than get sarcastic I'll simply explain that the osmotic effect of creatine doesn't affect your body's hydration state. On the contrary, creatine supplementation increases total body water. (1,2)

Another injury related misconception about creatine is that it causes cramps. Recent research indicates that in fact, creatine may produce the opposite affect by increasing the muscle's ability to relax. (3,4) To further corroborate this, recent research found that creatine supplementation actually decreased the incidence of muscle cramping in haemodialysis patients. (5) Muscle cramping is a common and frustrating complication of haemodialysis treatment.

This study is only one more in a growing line of research done to explore and confirm the safety of creatine supplementation. Nevertheless, as with any supplement, there will be uninformed skepticism, and as long as there is a lack of information or worse, misinformation, we will continue to share research to establish the truth for the benefit of all, whether you chose to use supplements or not.

Additional References:

1: Hultman, E, Soderlund K, Timmons A, Cedarblad JG, and Greenhaff PL. Muscle creatine loading in men. J Appl Physiol 81: 232-237, 1996

2: Ziegenfuss, TN, Lowery LM, and Lemon PWR Acute fluid changes in men during three days of creatine supplementation. JEPonline 1: 3, 1998.

3: van Leemputte M, Vandenberghe K, Hespel P Shortening of muscle relaxation time after creatine loading. J Appl Physiol 1999 Mar;86(3):840-4

4: Hespel P, Op't Eijnde B, Van Leemputte M. Opposite actions of caffeine and creatine on muscle relaxation time in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2002 Feb;92(2):513-8.

5: Chang CT, Wu CH, Yang CW, Huang JY, Wu MS. Creatine monohydrate treatment alleviates muscle cramps associated with haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002 Nov;17(11):1978-81.
 
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